Last data update: May 13, 2024. (Total: 46773 publications since 2009)
Records 1-5 (of 5 Records) |
Query Trace: Sever A[original query] |
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Evolving epidemiology of poliovirus serotype 2 following withdrawal of the type 2 oral poliovirus vaccine
Macklin GR , O'Reilly KM , Grassly NC , Edmunds WJ , Mach O , Santhana Gopala Krishnan R , Voorman A , Vertefeuille JF , Abdelwahab J , Gumede N , Goel A , Sosler S , Sever J , Bandyopadhyay AS , Pallansch MA , Nandy R , Mkanda P , Diop OM , Sutter RW . Science 2020 368 (6489) 401-405 While there have been no cases of type-2 wild poliovirus for over 20 years, transmission of type-2 vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV2) and associated paralytic cases in several continents represent a threat to eradication. The withdrawal of the type-2 component of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV2) was implemented in April 2016 to stop VDPV2 emergence and secure eradication of all poliovirus type 2. Globally, children born after this date have limited immunity to prevent transmission. Using a statistical model, we estimate the emergence date and source of VDPV2s detected between May 2016 and November 2019. Outbreak response campaigns with monovalent OPV2 are the only available method to induce immunity to prevent transmission. Yet, our analysis shows that using monovalent OPV2 is generating more paralytic VDPV2 outbreaks with the potential for establishing endemic transmission. The novel OPV2 is urgently required, alongside a contingency strategy if this vaccine does not materialize or perform as anticipated. |
Polio Endgame: Lessons learned from the Immunization Systems Management Group
Zipursky S , Vandelaer J , Brooks A , Dietz V , Kachra T , Farrell M , Ottosen A , Sever JL , Zaffran MJ . J Infect Dis 2017 216 S9-S14 The Immunization Systems Management Group (IMG) was established to coordinate and oversee objective 2 of the Polio Eradication and Endgame Strategic Plan 2013-2018, namely, (1) introduction of >=1 dose of inactivated poliovirus vaccine in all 126 countries using oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) only as of 2012, (2) full withdrawal of OPV, starting with the withdrawal of its type 2 component, and (3) using polio assets to strengthen immunization systems in 10 priority countries. The IMG's inclusive, transparent, and partnership-focused approach proved an effective means of leveraging the comparative and complementary strengths of each IMG member agency. This article outlines 10 key factors behind the IMG's success, providing a potential set of guiding principles for the establishment and implementation of other interagency collaborations and initiatives beyond the polio sphere. |
A multi-center ring trial of allergen analysis using fluorescent multiplex array technology
King EM , Filep S , Smith B , Platts-Mills T , Hamilton RG , Schmechel D , Sordillo JE , Milton D , van Ree R , Krop EJ , Heederik DJ , Metwali N , Thorne PS , Zeldin DC , Sever ML , Calatroni A , Arbes SJ Jr , Mitchell HE , Chapman MD . J Immunol Methods 2013 387 89-95 BACKGROUND: Consistent performance of allergen assays is essential to ensure reproducibility of exposure assessments for investigations of asthma and occupational allergic disease. This study evaluated intra- and inter-laboratory reproducibility of a fluorescent multiplex array, which simultaneously measures eight indoor allergens in a single reaction well. METHODS: A multi-center study was performed in nine laboratories in the US and Europe to determine the inter-laboratory variability of an 8-plex array for dust mite, cat, dog, rat, mouse and cockroach allergens. Aliquots of 151 dust extract samples were sent to participating centers and analyzed by each laboratory on three separate occasions. Agreement within and between laboratories was calculated by the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC). RESULTS: Results were obtained for over 32,000 individual allergen measurements. Levels covered a wide range for all allergens from below the lower limit of detection (LLOD=0.1-9.8ng/ml) to higher than 6800ng/ml for all allergens except Mus m 1, which was up to 1700ng/ml. Results were reproducible within as well as between laboratories. Within laboratories, 94% of CCC were ≥0.90, and 80% of intra-laboratory results fell within a 10% coefficient of variance (CV%). Results between laboratories also showed highly significant positive correlations for all allergens (~0.95, p<0.001). Overall means of results were comparable, and inter-laboratory CV% for all allergens except Rat n 1 ranged between 17.6% and 26.6%. CONCLUSION: The data indicate that performance criteria for fluorescent multiplex array technology are reproducible within and between laboratories. Multiplex technology provides standardized and consistent allergen measurements that will streamline environmental exposure assessments in allergic disease. |
Measles elimination in the Americas: a comparison between countries with a one-dose and two-dose routine vaccination schedule
Sever AE , Rainey JJ , Zell ER , Hennessey K , Uzicanin A , Castillo-Solorzano C , Dietz V . J Infect Dis 2011 204 Suppl 2 S748-55 BACKGROUND: The Region of the Americas eliminated measles in 2002 through high first-dose routine measles vaccine coverage and vaccination campaigns every 4-6 years; a second routine dose at school entry was added in some countries. The impact of this second routine dose on measles elimination was evaluated. METHODS: Data on socioeconomic factors, demographic characteristics, vaccination coverage, and the estimated proportion of children (<15 years of age) susceptible to measles were compiled. Countries were grouped using propensity score methods, and Kaplan-Meier curves were used to compare time to measles elimination between countries with a 1-dose schedule and those with a 2-dose schedule. RESULTS: One-dose (n = 14) and 2-dose (n = 7) countries did not differ with respect to median routine first-dose measles vaccine coverage, median coverage for 3 measles campaigns, or estimated percentage of susceptible children after routine first vaccination dose and campaigns. Compared with 1-dose countries, 2-dose countries had higher median gross national income per capita (P =.002), percentage of population living in urban areas (P =.04), and female literacy (P =.01), as well as lower infant mortality (P = .007); however, no differences in time to elimination were found. CONCLUSIONS: One-dose and 2-dose countries had similar times to measles elimination despite socioeconomic differences between their populations. A second routine dose might not have hastened measles elimination, because threshold immunity needed to eliminate measles was achieved with high first routine dose coverage and vaccination campaigns. Further research will be needed to determine the applicability of these findings to other regions. |
National outbreak of salmonella serotype Saintpaul infections: importance of Texas restaurant investigations in implicating jalapeno peppers
Mody RK , Greene SA , Gaul L , Sever A , Pichette S , Zambrana I , Dang T , Gass A , Wood R , Herman K , Cantwell LB , Falkenhorst G , Wannemuehler K , Hoekstra RM , McCullum I , Cone A , Franklin L , Austin J , Delea K , Behravesh CB , Sodha SV , Yee JC , Emanuel B , Al-Khaldi SF , Jefferson V , Williams IT , Griffin PM , Swerdlow DL . PLoS One 2011 6 (2) e16579 BACKGROUND: In May 2008, PulseNet detected a multistate outbreak of Salmonella enterica serotype Saintpaul infections. Initial investigations identified an epidemiologic association between illness and consumption of raw tomatoes, yet cases continued. In mid-June, we investigated two clusters of outbreak strain infections in Texas among patrons of Restaurant A and two establishments of Restaurant Chain B to determine the outbreak's source. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We conducted independent case-control studies of Restaurant A and B patrons. Patients were matched to well controls by meal date. We conducted restaurant environmental investigations and traced the origin of implicated products. Forty-seven case-patients and 40 controls were enrolled in the Restaurant A study. Thirty case-patients and 31 controls were enrolled in the Restaurant Chain B study. In both studies, illness was independently associated with only one menu item, fresh salsa (Restaurant A: matched odds ratio [mOR], 37; 95% confidence interval [CI], 7.2-386; Restaurant B: mOR, 13; 95% CI 1.3-infinity). The only ingredient in common between the two salsas was raw jalapeno peppers. Cultures of jalapeno peppers collected from an importer that supplied Restaurant Chain B and serrano peppers and irrigation water from a Mexican farm that supplied that importer with jalapeno and serrano peppers grew the outbreak strain. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Jalapeno peppers, contaminated before arrival at the restaurants and served in uncooked fresh salsas, were the source of these infections. Our investigations, critical in understanding the broader multistate outbreak, exemplify an effective approach to investigating large foodborne outbreaks. Additional measures are needed to reduce produce contamination. |
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